if, elif, and else
Branch program behavior using conditions and clear decision tables.
while Loops
Repeat work while a condition remains true and avoid infinite loops.
for Loops, range, and Loop Control
Iterate over collections, ranges, and files with break, continue, and else clauses.
match case Basics
Use structural pattern matching for clear branching on commands and shapes.
Loop Patterns and Guards
Write loops that stop correctly, skip bad values, and summarize results.